*PRESENILE DEMENTIA;SENILE DEMENTIA, UNCOMPLICATED;DEMENTIA IN CONDITIONS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE;AMNESTIC  SYNDROME

Dementia is a clinical syndrome which characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, behavior disturbance and dysfunction of daily activity. In aging population, Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the most common late onset dementia which occupied about 50-75%, the vascular dementia, frontotemporal lobardegeneration (FTLD) and corticobasal syndrome is followed. On the other hand, the young onset dementia (YOD), which represents the onset of dementia before65 years old, is only about 1/10 to 1/100 proportion of late onset dementia. The YOD is different from late onset dementia in the proportion of degenerative subtype (e.g. the FTLD is more frequent than AD). Besides, frequent atypical presentation of clinical syndrome in the YOD which characterize the different variant of AD made the early accurate diagnosis of AD is more difficult. Currently, there is no available data to describe the proportion of subtype in YOD in Taiwan. In AD dementia, two important biomarkers are amylod plaque made by ß-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangle made by phosphorylation tau protein. In the past, they only can be seen under the microscope findings at autopsy study. Recently, the new amyloid tracer and tau tracer had been developed and could evaluate the deposition of amyloid and tau protein in human brain. These progresses had substantially improved the accurate diagnosis of degenerative dementia. A noval tau tracer [ 18F]PM-PBB3, which had substantially improved the off-target binding and more clear background in human brain than previous tau tracer. In current project, investigator will aim to consecutive collect 50 YOD due to the neurodegeneration in 3 years using the NIA-AA research framework system(ATN system) to achieve accurate diagnosis of the dementia subtype by the detail clinical neurology study, neuropsychological examination, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and tau PET study. In the first year, investigator will perform feasibility study to explore the topographical tau distribution in different subtype of YOD. In the next 2 years, investigator will perform a large scale study in a group of YOD to understand the amyloid and tau deposition and their association with clinical parameters. From current project, investigator could understand the tau deposition in different YOD subtype. Investigator also could understand the correlation between clinical phenotype and molecular pathology. Investigator will use a mathematic model to construct the model of diffusion kurtosis imaging from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and relate the white matter integrity with amyloid and tau PET imaging.

(1)[F18] AV-45 (2) [F-18] PM-PBB3

(E)-4-(2-(6-(2-(2-(2-[18F] fluoroethoxyl) ethoxy)ethoxy)pyridine-3-yl)vinyl)-N-methylbenzenamine
[[18F]1-Fluoro-3-((2-((1E,3E)-4-(6-(methylamino)pyridin-3-yl)buta-1,3-dien-1- yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-y

injection
injection

10
5±2

Primary Outcome Measures :
understand the proportion of subtype in YOD [ Time Frame: 3 years ]
investigator would be able to understand the proportion of subtype in YOD

understand the mean tau deposition in different region of interest from subtype of YOD [ Time Frame: 3 years ]
investigator will perform image analysis to understand tau deposition in different subtype of YOD based on 18F-PM-PBB3 tau tracer image. The mean intensity from selected region of interest will be recorded for different group comparison.

understand the mean tau intensity in different region of interest and find correlation with cognition [ Time Frame: 3 years ]
investigator will perform association study to explore clinical measurements such as cognition and demographic data associate with tau intensity from different region of interest

Inclusion Criteria Subjects

Very mild to moderate stage YOD inclusion criteria:

Age between 20-75 years old.

YOD is defined by the dementia onset before age 65 years old. The dementia syndrome is based on the NIA-AA criteria of all-cause of dementia . Briefly it required:

Interfere with the ability to function at work or at usual activities.
Represent a decline from previous levels of functioning and performing.
Cognitive impairment is detected and diagnosed through a combination of a). history-taking form the patient and a knowledgeable informant b). an objective cognitive assessment, either a 'bedside' mental status examination or neuropsychological testing.
The cognitive or behavioral impairment involves a minimum of two of the below domains: impaired ability to acquire and remember new information, impaired reasoning and handling of complex tasks poor judgment, impaired visuospatial abilities, impaired language functions, changes in personality, behavior or comportment symptoms.

The severity of dementia is limited from very mild to moderate stage in current project. The definition of very mild to moderate stage of dementia is based on the clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) from 0.5-2 YOD_2019 3 Exclusion Criteria

Implantation of metal devices including cardiac pacemaker, intravascular metal devices.
Major systemic diseases including coronary arterial disease, heart failure, uremia, hepatic failure, prominent strokes, acute myocardial infarction, poorly controlled diabetes, previous severe head injury, intracranial operation, hypoxia, sepsis or severe infectious diseases.
Major psychiatric disorders, drug or alcohol abuse and major depression
Pregnant women or breast- feeding women.
Patients in whom MRI was contraindicated or patient had claustrophobia.
History of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions particularly to the tested drugs.
History of positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Indication of impaired liver function as shown by an abnormal liver function profile at screening (eg. repeated values of aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT] ≧ 3X the upper limit of normal values).